Local grooving controlled blasting caving technology
Update time:2011-02-01 16:25 Viewed:次
In hard roof under the open stoping process is widespread in our country, special type of mining technical problems. Puts forward a simple and practical, economic and feasible joint mining open stoping process - controlled blasting local grooving caving technology. The characteristics of this method are introduced to study the cutting position, width and depth of the theoretical calculation method and a hoard of cushion thickness, the two_dimensional finite element analysis, and application of acoustic emission technology and photography effect was evaluated. In east tung valley gold mine practice results show that the cutting width and depth of the theoretical calculation method is correct and reliable; Theoretical calculation of the cutting position is only continuous, rules of mining open stoping, otherwise, will produce deviation; For complex open stoping, must with the aid of finite element calculation added sound; Implementation of control blasting local grooving caving technology, can realize the miniaturization of jejunum and the isolation of the deep mining system, eliminate large_scale roof impact ground pressure hazard, and make the roof stress redistribution in the direction is helpful to safe production.
Keyword blasting engineering, open stoping process, grooving caving, controlled blasting, the finite element method, acoustic emission, and monitoring
1 words before
The existence of a large number of untreated mining open stoping, is our country the prevalence of major production safety in mine production. Among them, the hard roof under the open stoping process, is characteristic of mining technical problem in our country.
The existing mining open stoping process at home and abroad, sums up with the following five categories: caving mining open stoping and filling mining open stoping, supported by open stoping, closed isolated jejunum and joint mining open stoping method processing. Among them, the first four class is the most basic way of dealing with open stoping. Joint method is based on the basic method of joint, there are currently filling and caving isolation, ore caving and support piece fell four joint method.
All kinds of basic mining open stoping method has both advantages and limitations. Use method of joint, easy to absorb the advantage of the basic method, overcome their limitations. However, there are four kinds of joint method is relatively expensive, it is necessary to further development and perfection.
According to the actual production situation of our country, the theoretical research on four kinds of basic methods. [2 ~ 5] proposed the "local grooving controlled blasting caving", a new method of mining open stoping joint processing and field industrial test shows that this method is economic and reasonable, technology is feasible, simple, quick construction. On January 17, 2002, identification of thought, the method under the condition of the same rock mass is the first at home and abroad, in the eastern tung valley gold can bring at least three full implementation of the $4.04 million worth of direct economic benefit and social significance, after the implementation of 2002 has brought 2 for tung tung valley gold direct economic benefits of more than 900 900 yuan, now is still in continue to implement.
This paper introduces the characteristics of this method to study the cutting position, width and depth of the theoretical calculation method and the cushion thickness, application of two_dimensional finite element analysis verifies the cutting position, and application of acoustic emission technology, photography to evaluate the effect.
2 local grooving controlled blasting caving technology characteristics
Local grooving controlled blasting caving technology is: the main points of the application of controlled blasting method, respectively, in the roof tensile stress in the largest area in jejunum length to implement a certain width of controlled blasting cutting caving, forced caving roof in the first places, and the best roof caving, so as to realize open stoping with miniaturization and the isolation of the deep mining system; Mining waste rock and simplified into a planned way of goaf, weaken the possibility of a certain size of air shock wave, natural caving eliminate impact ground pressure hazard, and make the roof stress redistribution in the direction is advantageous to the safety mining, to ensure safety in production.
Show the advantages of this technique in the following four aspects: (1) is not in the four kinds of basic mining open stoping process of certain class method is simple, but the application of controlled blasting cutting caving technology means, to stress redistribution in the direction is advantageous to the safety mining and packer adopt open stoping with two purposes, to ensure the safety in production, and eliminate the impact ground pressure hazard. (2) economic, convenient, small workload, quick construction. Deal with 43 x 104 m2 open stoping with only caving is about 1.4 x 104 m2, handling money
No more than 600000 yuan, 2 ~ 3 months to complete the construction. (3) open stoping process and pillar recovery and floor cleaning can be simultaneously. (4) do not cause the damage of upper and lower middle roadway, and in a planned way will easy mining, digging dirt into the mined-out area, the processed in order to avoid the ground emissions and cultivated land or cause landslide hazard.
The technology is suitable for processing hard roof under slowly inclined and horizontal mining jejunum.
3 grooving location research
3.1 for the first time slot cutting position [3, 4]
, according to the actual, tung tung valley gold mine of the most representative typical profile is to simplify the X Ⅶ, assuming that all above 866 m level pillar goaf. According to beam model hypothesis, A point as the fixed end, point B reinforced concrete wall as the fixed support, orebody outcrop C for cantilever end. Sections set width is 1 m, the typical profile of coordinate system is shown in figure 1. The roof load set degree for (mem)
3.3 cutting location of the two-dimensional finite element computing research
Application NFAS nonlinear two_dimensional finite element analysis software, tung tung valley gold typical section X Ⅶ, drucker prager - plastic criterion and cracking damage conditions and displacement boundary conditions. Excavation scope selected 750 ~ 1 260 m level. Calculated the vertical range of 300 ~ 1 500 m elevation, horizontal range is 200 ~ 1 475 m. Common node 1, 618, unit 1, 634.
Calculation (figure 3), adopt open stope roof near the level of 866 and 966 m respectively are there is an obvious tensile stress, is given to illustrate the implementation of the two slot cutting the reasonable position of caving.
Comparison of theoretical derivation and finite element simulation results can be seen, to contain multiple irregular or discontinuous open stoping, such as 866 m below the level, the upper jejunum pinchout suddenly, has the certain error theory to solve the cutting position; On rules and continuous mining open stoping, such as the vast majority have 866 ~ 1 133 m 2 layer basic rules and the distribution of the continuous open stoping, grooving location theory solution and calculation simulation. Theory to solve the error may be caused by the mining of open stoping with irregular, discontinuous or more complex, because of the simplified model and a far cry from what actually.
4 cutting depth research
Model [6 ~ 8] inherited the merits of the original TCK model and Ahrens, perfected the raw gas quasi static effect caused by blasting micro crack extension, and consider the nature of the original rock stress and rock mass influence on crack propagation, almost can be used in the design of actual blasting engineering. However, [6 ~ 8] wall of hole blasting in the model of the gas pressure p 0, the complexity of the calculation and unable to calculate the spherical cartridge outside of the scope of crack extension, such as strip cartridge blasting crack propagation. Below practical writing model of [6 ~ 8] and [9] the research results, the blasting cutting depth.
Choose what roof tensile stress and the location of the maximum (sigma Max) grooving caving, the original rock stress not only partially offset raw gas pressure p 0, on the contrary, will accelerate the damage of rock mass. Therefore, according to the research of the article [6 ~ 8], secondary extended area of micro cracks occur
Type: r2 as the radius of blasting crack extension, r0 for equivalent radius of the spherical cartridge, sigma Max for cutting roof caving area maximum tensile stress, s t as the tensile strength of rock, p 0 for the wall of hole explosion gas pressure.
According to the research achievements of text [9], elongated the equivalent radius of the spherical cartridge for the charge
Type: r0, re respectively equivalent radius of the spherical cartridge, elongated charge radius.
According to the article [11], there are two ways to calculate p0, namely
Experience:
Assume that all loose controlled blasting cut on the top of the caving rock pile in caving zone, in order to make the full mining caving rock open stoping and roof, hole depth of cut blasting of L must be satisfied:
Type (10 b) shows that strengthening congestion, improve the charge density, can further improve the raw gas pressure, so as to increase the depth of the crack propagation, ensure that certain thickness of rock drilling depth can promote the caving. [/ mem]
5 slot cutting width
From top, bottom column has recycled the level corresponding to the roof of roadway starts to implement certain slot cutting width along the tendency up caving. Because after recycling the pillar, roadway floor horizontal width is bigger, and partial left by artificial pillar and contain extremely thin vein pillar caving can remain less than half the segment does not collapse down (figure 4), which reduces the controlled blasting of dam construction difficulty, enhance the resistance of the dam body wave, anti-sliding ability. For sloping floor without platform can use, also can be easily used blasting technology platform and similar residual pillar against sliding key.
Slot cutting width of W (m); Cutting depth of L (m); Adopt open stoping with the section height of A, according to the actual, take A = 2 m. According to the typical profile open stoping Angle alpha = X Ⅶ taken 40 °. Because the floor is uneven, and partial residual abutment, outside the caving zone, residues have needle in the caving zone. As a result, the more close to the floor, the greater the stone slag pile driving resistance, push the stone slag of breach should be close to the roof of the mining open stoping. Thus, the resistance of a hoard of dam type under F application
General scale of caving are difficult to determine, therefore, V can't decide, but can be based on the stone slag heap of width to verify its may bear air velocity. According to the research of the article [13], and stone dam isolation belt width W is usually 10 ~ 15 m. When W = 10 m, (15) can be calculated by the formula could withstand the stone slag pile of air velocity V = 242.5 m/s. According to the study of [14], tung tung meiyukou mine underground, no matter how big a happens caving amounted to less than 145.0 m/s air velocity. Therefore, grooving caving width 10 m is reasonable.
6 a hoard of the thickness of cushion layer research
According to the literature [12], a certain thickness of cushion hn can weaken the caving of air shock wave, namely
7 the scene practice
According to the results, the first in the 966 m level 10 m wide along the strike and implemented large_scale controlled blasting cutting caving. Drilling and the vertical depth of the hole from caving L = 1.94 m, caving hole charge volume 8 ~ 9, tao slots charge 10 volumes. Can in order to make full use of dynamite explosion, charging after orifice in 10 ~ 20 cm long yellow plug. Caving before and after respectively in 866 and 980 m level acoustic emission monitoring for a long time, monitoring hole layout as shown in figure 5. In order to prevent the blasting vibration effect 980 m the stability of the roadway, between cutting caving zone and 980 m along the strike decorate a row of segmented propellant pre-splitting blast hole.
Practice shows that after blasting can form 10 m wide and stone dam in isolation. Caving drilling of vertical depth of the hole are not required to strictly meet the L = 1.94 m, roof, base can good at isolation dam top, as shown in figure 6, 7. Not led to severe cracking of 980 m in construction process of drift off small pieces. 866 and 980 m after the caving roadway of acoustic emission levels significantly decreased, part of the results are shown in figure 8, 9. To illustrate the two stress levels were decreased in [15], which is beneficial to the safety mining depth and near 980 m ore body.
The theory of eight knot
(1) the calculation formula of cutting position is suitable for the rules and adopt open stoping process of continuous distribution. To contain multiple irregular or discontinuous open stoping, calculation formulas for solving the grooving position has a larger error, it is necessary to use finite element simulation.
(2) the practice proved that the cutting depth and width of the formula is simple and reliable. Known to prevent underground air shock wave speed, can easily calculate the hoard of isolation dam width, namely slot cutting width. Similarly, known roof lithology, also can easily calculate the cutting depth.
(3) strengthen the congestion, increase the charge density, can further increase the depth of the crack propagation, to ensure that the drilling depth, increase in the thickness of the rock mass.
(4) the mining waste rock in a planned way into 12 # dike open stoping, and simple in treated 8 # dike open stoping, which can effectively weaken the caving of air shock wave.
(5) the practice proved that controlled blasting local grooving caving technology can realize the miniaturization of jejunum and the isolation of the deep mining system, eliminate the massive impact ground pressure hazard, roof and the roof stress redistribution in the direction is helpful to safe production.
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