Steel corrosion in concrete structure detection and repair t
Update time:2008-02-18 14:13 Viewed:次
Pick to: in recent years at home and abroad used in the detection of steel corrosion method and repair technology, detection method mainly includes the damaged and not damaged, repair technology mainly includes the patch method, electrochemical chloride extraction technology and to alkalize technology, etc.
Keywords: steel corrosion; Structure; Detection method; Repair technology
Especially with cement concrete reinforced concrete the construction material and the advent of a large number of use, the corrosion of reinforced concrete has gradually become a worldwide problem. In 1991 at the concrete durability of the second international academic conference, professor Mehta in its keynote report the concrete durability - fifty years progress, steel corrosion as the primary reason of the concrete structure. Therefore, how to effectively detect steel corrosion in concrete conditions and carries on the effective repair is very important. In this paper, the commonly used at home and abroad for structure and testing method of steel corrosion and its repair technology has carried on the induction summary, for the industry reference.
1 structure of steel corrosion detection method
Used in the structure of steel corrosion detection method, according to the condition of damage in structures can be divided into two categories, damage detection and non_destructive testing, as can be divided into two categories, the physical and electrochemical detection technology.
1.1 the damage detection
Damage detection is also a kind of physical detection method, steel corrosion is generally in more serious cases, such as concrete or plaster layer of the structure due to rebar rust expansion force the apparently empty drum, cracking and even fall off wait for a phenomenon, in order to further quantitative determination of reinforcement corrosion situation, need for structure damage detection. The method is the use of force will have partial damage of concrete structure chiseling, until the steel surface, with the naked eye (visual method) to observe the corrosion situation of the steel, if necessary it can also be by intercepting part of reinforcement corrosion is most serious, through the cross-sectional area loss or weight loss rate to calculate the corrosion rate of the steel.
Damage detection is one of the currently widely used in engineering detection of steel corrosion in structure, also is a kind of method to repair the structure of the steel bar corrosion. But the law also has certain limitation, just will cause greater damage to structures, and due to the detection is a "dot", so the detection range and quantity and its representative are limited.
1.2 NDT
In order not to make the structure produces too much damage, people gradually developed in the engineering practice of nondestructive testing, which is usually divided into two categories: physical test and electrochemical test again, the former including resistor rod, eddy current and magnetic flux reduction method (eddy current probe), acoustic emission detection method, radiation method, infrared thermal image method and so on, the latter including the natural potential method, ac impedance spectrum method, linear polarization method (or polarization resistance method), coulostatic method, concrete resistance method, the current step method, etc.
(1) resistance stick method
By measuring the reinforcement corrosion to steel area and the surface state change caused by the resistance situation, using the conductive principle indirectly the rest of the reinforced area. The law is usually prepared when pouring concrete structure resistance probe, is suitable for the occasion of uniform corrosion, for is characterized by local corrosion of the reinforcing steel bar, is unable to quantitative detection of the corrosion speed.
2 eddy current detecting method
Through the determination of field current and occurs within the reinforced secondary wave phase relationship to determine reinforcement corrosion condition, it is an electromagnetic device in a concrete structure surface, to one of the section steel magnetic saturation, the steel area loss caused by steel corrosion can make the magnetic anomalies, there are some analysis can judge the loss ratio of steel area.
(3) acoustic emission detection method
Corrosion to occur in the reinforced concrete, the corrosion products to expand produces too much stress, the surrounding concrete cracking, part of the energy released in the form of launch sound waves, using acoustic emission sensor is sensitive to detect source location and strength. Acoustic emission detection method is to use the sensor receives the reinforcement corrosion caused concrete cracking around the release of elastic stress wave, to determine the location of the rebar corrosion expansion. Problems but it is hard to avoid the interference of other acoustic emission, so it is difficult to establish steel corrosion activity level and the correlation of acoustic emission intensity.
Ray method is through the filming X, gamma rays, photos of steel, direct observation of reinforcement corrosion. Infrared thermal image method by measuring the concrete surface temperature distribution for the analysis of location and degree of steel-bar corrosion.
(4) the natural potential method
The law since the late 1950 s is one of the most widely applied reinforcement corrosion detection method, America, Japan, Germany, Britain, India and other countries formulate the corresponding standards, China's metallurgical department also announced the ministerial standard, national standard is not the same. In reinforced concrete and the surrounding medium electric double layer formed in the interaction between the boundary surface, and generate an electrical potential difference on both sides interface, its size can reflect the state of reinforced by, but still can't directly measure the potential value. Sp method by measuring the relative reinforced electrode to the reference electrode potential difference to ascertain the condition of steel corrosion, its advantage is simple equipment, low price, easy operation, no interference on the steel corrosion in concrete system, laboratory and field test can be used. The site inspection according to the actual situation can use single or double electrode electrode potential gradient method, respectively, applicable to reinforced end exposed and not exposed artifacts. But the biggest drawback of this method is only from the perspective of thermodynamics qualitative estimate the possibility of steel corrosion, and can not be applied to the quantitative measurement; Dry or non conductive layer at the surface of the concrete, unfavorable use due to can't form a loop; Reinforced electrode potential environmental relative humidity, varieties of cement, water cement ratio, protective layer thickness, chloride ion content, carbonation depth and other factors, so the evaluation method is relatively coarse.
5] alternating current impedance spectroscopy
Places a small ac signal such as the electrode and don't change the nature of the electrode system, can think has a linear relation between the input and output signal, which is the theoretical basis of ac impedance spectroscopy technology. By measuring and comparing the relationship between the input and output signal amplitude and phase to determine the nature of the electrode system. Ac impedance spectroscopy is a transient spectrum analysis technology, applying the ac signal of less effect on the corrosion system, and provide about reinforced concrete cover electric double layer capacitor, resistance of concrete, steel corrosion rate and corrosion mechanism of concrete and other information. In addition, the impedance spectrum can also be the critical Cl - concentration of concrete corrosion and other environmental conditions. Dawson, etc. Since 1978, the first ac impedance spectrum method is used to study the corrosion behavior of reinforced concrete, ac impedance measurement has become a laboratory methods of the study, in order to implement the field measurement, must consider the spatial distribution of impedance. Bohhi found in practice, such as if the electrode size by measuring work more than 20 to 50 cm, can ignore the influence of the impedance of the spatial distribution. For this reason, the Swiss federal institute of technology have developed a reference electrode and the auxiliary electrode set in the integration of the probe, field measurement sine wave amplitude of 20 mv, frequency range of 10 MHZ ~ 10 KHZ. But in low frequency band as each impedance spectroscopy measurement are takes too long, on the one hand, can cause the measurement error is bigger, on the other hand are less suitable for large area field testing. At the same time, ac impedance measurement instruments and equipment used in the more expensive, ac impedance technology is mainly used for steel corrosion in concrete mechanism and influencing factors of the analysis and validation of concrete repair plan.
A linear polarization method [6]
Linear polarization method is also called polarization resistance method, it is Stern and Geary in 1957 proposed and developed a kind of efficient and effective corrosion speed test method. The law principle is the corrosion rate and polarization curve in the free corrosion potential of the slope, can use double electrodes or three electrode system monitoring material coupling in the corrosion rate with the environment. Linear polarization technique has been widely applied in the experimental research and field testing, convenient and quick measurement, laboratory test accuracy can be comparable to weightlessness method, is the main electrochemical detection means. The stylized linear polarization test equipment is developed, and used for field test, but the technology also has some disadvantages, one is that it cannot be directly determine the resistance of reinforcement in concrete (B), 2 it is because of the small overpotential, corresponding polarization current is small, the concrete pore solution ohms voltage drop caused by the error is bigger, therefore requires high precision testing instrument and the pressure drop can be compensated ohms, and linear polarization measurement based on steel surface area, on the basis of known to a certain extent limited its application in the field test. The area is known for new buildings, can be embedded reinforcement for the use of daily inspection; Recently protection Ring (Guard Ring) technology and with the Reference electrode (Extra Reference Electrodes) technology application and create conditions for the promotion, but the reliability of evaluation are mixed, unable to distinguish the influence of various factors, also cannot take each step in the process of electrochemical clearly distinguished, but this does not affect the application of the scene.
Once coulostatic method
Coulostatic measuring technology is still belongs to the category of polarization measurement, but it is different from the control of potential or current control method, can adopt the advanced electronic technology, electrode polarization measurement of coulostatic corrosion potential with time attenuation curve, reinforced the instantaneous corrosion rate is determined. Coulostatic method to measure the influence of corrosion resistance of medium to small and less disturbance of the system, so the reinforced low corrosion rate obtained in theory than the linear polarization more suitable and more precise, although this method is currently applied in the study of reinforcement corrosion, but also is a kind of new technology is worth studying.
Corrosion of reinforcement in the repair technology of two structures
In reinforced concrete in the cement hydration products, alkaline environment generated on the surface of the density of passivation film, cut off from contact with oxygen and water, and be protected. Lead to the causes of reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures are mainly two kinds: one kind is the CO2 in the air after the intrusion and the alkali neutralization reaction in concrete (i.e., concrete carbonation), makes the steel around the weak alkaline environment, reinforced passivation film is destroyed, which leads to reinforcement corrosion; Another kind is to cause steel corrosion of chlorine ion, its source is the construction process from raw materials and the environment with chlorine salt seep through hardened concrete were situated, etc. Due to the cause of steel corrosion is the diversity, and corrosion of reinforcement repair work is a complex integrated technology. At home and abroad of corrosion reinforced repair methods can be divided into physical method and electrochemical method (electrochemical chloride extraction technology and basification again) two kinds big.
2.1 physical method (patch)
Physical repair method is to point to chisel in addition to steel corrosion and concrete expansion cracking or spalling of concrete, steel bar surface sticking out until first of corroded steel bar surface derusting processing, again with a new compact concrete or mortar screeding.
Such as concrete structure damage is caused by the steel corrosion induced by chloride, and dig does not plan to the implementation of the cathodic protection technology, in this case you need to delamination crack area near the concrete all eradicated, cause the corrosion of steel bar is completely exposed. General practice is to remove to reinforced concrete on the back after about 25 mm deep, but to ensure that the chloride content thoroughly remove around more than the threshold value of reinforced concrete. Steel surface cleaning, polishing and at the same time, also to close to the metal color, remove all the rust on the surface, the corrosion pit and chloride. To wipe out the concrete pit to repair, after the Fang Zhengping straight edges, and to clean up XinShengMian, removal of dust and debris, wet with water sprayed or coated with adhesive, ready to fill the new mixing material.
Such as concrete structure damage is caused by steel corrosion induced by carbonation of concrete, the general requirements to wipe out the carbonization concrete to corrosion of reinforcement, the corrosion state of serious concrete structure, is required to remove to reinforced concrete on the back side of a certain depth, dig a hole by the request Fang Zhengping straight edges.
According to the need of the actual situation, can be in surface derusting processed steel again daub antirust agent, anti_rust paint, or resin coating etc, the new mixing materials can be used ordinary concrete or mortar, can also be a cement base polymer mortar or concrete, you can also choose resin concrete or mortar, when need can also join in the fresh concrete or mortar rust and corrosion inhibitor, etc. In more bad environment, but also new fill in hardened concrete surface coating permeability sealing coatings (chloride as incentives) or carbonation resistance coatings (carbide as incentives).
Patch repair technology is mainly used in the structure of the steel under the condition of local corrosion occurred, while requiring repair material shrinkage rate should be smaller, to the new concrete or mortar filling should be good maintenance, new fill area to minimize the risk of cracking. (mem)
2.2 electrochemical chloride extraction technology
Electricity chemical method to Cl - from the steel surface, make its move to auxiliary anode, the law is known as electrochemical desalination, or electrochemical chloride extraction technology. As cathode, it is in reinforced concrete in concrete surface apply keep the electrolyte layer and metal mesh as temporary anode inside, applying an electric field between the metal mesh and reinforced, in under the action of applied electric field, the reinforced concrete Cl - anions such as near to the anode flow into the electrolyte, electrolyte and the cationic gathered to parts of steel in concrete, Cl - out and reinforced hole near the solution pH, conducive to the maintenance and reconstruction of steel passivation membrane.
The technology is generally the activation or platinum plated titanium titanium plate net as anode, but also has use brass and low carbon steel net as the anode. With copper and its salts into the concrete will accelerate steel corrosion and elimination, low carbon steel as prone to local corrosion and will leave rusty spot in the concrete surface, so it is seldom used it as a temporary anode.
General using calcium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide electrolyte aqueous solution, the desalting effect has no obvious difference between the two, but studies have shown that using lithium hydroxide electrolyte can decrease the probability of alkali aggregate reaction, but the price is higher, calcium hydroxide, price is low, so the choice of the electrolyte according to the actual situation of engineering (the possibility of presence of alkali aggregate reaction, etc.) to decide. [/ mem]
The technology has the advantage that processing time is short, it can be finished within 4 ~ 6 weeks, but have some disadvantages. Studies have shown that the electrochemical chloride extraction technology will have a certain effect of reinforcement and concrete interface, characterized by the change of porosity on the micro, Ca/Si increases, etc., also may reduce alkali aggregate reaction, the binding force between steel bar and reinforced concrete and the steel surface to produce side effects such as hydrogen evolution reaction.
2.3 to alkalize technology
To alkalize technology is mainly used for construction of steel corrosion caused by carbide structure repair and protection, and alkaline treatment is according to the principle of cathodic protection technology, the cathode reaction in the steel surface, made of reinforced concrete around the basicity restoration of electrochemical protection method, electrochemical chloride extraction technology is considered to be a type of carbide.
And processing system using alkaline anodic type similar to chloride extraction technology, for titanium mesh or low carbon steel mesh with coating. Due to the short processing time, low carbon steel wire mesh is not is completely loss, and the price is low, and thus be more used. Alkaline treatment again electrolyte is commonly adopted by the sodium carbonate solution concentration (0.5 ~ 1.0 mol, L), it happen equation is:
Na2CO3 nahco3 + CO2 + H2O = 2
Type show that this treatment to prevent the carbonic acid reaction, and can withstand further invasion, CO2 after processing is no longer present concrete carbonization phenomenon. But also the scholar thinks, by electrolyte into sodium ions will promote in the concrete alkali aggregate reaction, so the alkali - aggregate reaction sensitive steel reinforced concrete structure, sometimes it is necessary to use tap water as the electrolyte. Recently, someone put forward using lithium ion in aqueous solution as the electrolyte, but as a result of alkaline treatment again at the beginning of the general low alkalinity of concrete, alkali - aggregate reaction bias is not big, so is it necessary to adopt the expensive electrolyte still needs further research. And studies have shown that alkaline treatment again after reinforced concrete around hole number increased but the hole size.
3 conclusion
Structure of steel corrosion detection method mainly includes the damage and the damage (resistor rod method, eddy current detection method and acoustic emission detection method, the natural potential method, ac impedance spectrum method, linear polarization and coulostatic method and so on many kinds of), repair techniques mainly include patch method, electrochemical chloride extraction technology and basification again wait for a few kinds. In engineering practice, the need for specific situation to choose suitable test methods and repair technology, single detection method and can be used to repair technology, when necessary, also can use a variety of ways to test and repair technology.
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